1. Behaviourism

1.1. Meaning of behaviourism

Behaviorism is a learning theory that focuses on observable behaviors rather than internal mental states. It assumes that all behaviors are learned through interactions with the environment and can be measured, changed, and controlled using reinforcement and punishment.

Behaviorism, as a learning theory, includes both classical conditioning or learning by association (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner) as types of learning that explain how behavior is acquired through interaction with the environment. 

The key theorists of behaviourism include John Watson (1878–1958), Ivan Pavlov (1849–1936), Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949) and B.F. Skinner (1904–1990).