BOP81511:Refractive Errors II

1. Course Aim

This module aims to equip the student with a more clinical approach in diagnosis and management of refractive errors and how to correct refractive error problems using corrective lenses dispensed from the optical laboratory.

2. Learning Outcomes

·       Recognize refractive errors: hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism and presbyopia effectively.

·       Explain the difference between subjective and objective refractometry.

·       Explain principles of objective refraction with regard to non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic refraction.

·       Explain the principles and operation of the retinoscope.

·       Explain the principles of the duochrome test.

·       Explain the principles and operation of lensometry.

·       Explain the need for +1.00 test / binocular balancing.

·       Recognize different lens materials and their occupational benefits.

·       Demonstrate skills in autorefractor use, retinoscopy and prescribing spectacle correction.

·       Demonstrate skills during cycloplegic refraction.

·       Examine near add and multifocal lenses and assess refractive errors through history and physical examination.

·       Demonstrate skills in Jackson's Cross Cylinder (JCC).

·       Demonstrate optical lens neutralization by hand and lensometry and identify optical centre.

·       Process sphere and cylinder using phoropter or trial lenses in +/- cylinder.

·       Use fogging, duochrome and binocular balance techniques.

·       Demonstrate skills in the optical laboratory.

·       Perform objective and subjective refraction confidently with effective communication and precision.

3. Indicative Course Content

·       Module Unit 1 – Refractive Errors Management.

·       Recap on principles of objective and subjective refraction.

·       Optical management of refractive errors and presbyopia.

·       Identification, measurement and prescription of multifocal lenses.

·       Duochrome, +1 blur test and binocular balance.

·       Advanced lensometry (focimetry).

·       Advanced techniques of retinoscopy and subjective refraction procedures.

·       Advanced use of refraction aids, including Jackson Cross Cylinder.

·       Overview of contact lenses.

·       Module Unit 2 – Dispensing Optics.

·       Basics of dispensing; spectacle frames; frame measurements; frame selection.

·       Lens selection; facial measurement; lenses and processing.

·       Characteristics of lenses and lens materials; current materials.

·       Lens types; introduction of multifocal lenses.

·       Absorptive lenses; impact-resistant lenses; lenses for special uses.

·       Lens surfacing and quality.